Protecting American Intellectual Property Act of 2022

 

       美国参议院2022年12月20日通过了《2022年保护美国知识产权法案》，该法案于2023年1月5日经美国总统拜登签署正式生效成为法律。以下将提供该法案对照系列译文，以供参考学习。

 

立法说明

 

该法案对涉及窃取属于美国自然人和实体商业秘密的特定外国自然人和实体实施制裁。

 

【英文：This bill imposes sanctions on certain foreign individuals and entities involved in the theft of trade secrets belonging to a U.S. individual or entity.】

 

对于故意参与、受益于、或协助窃取美国重要商业秘密从而对美国国家安全、外交政策、或经济健康运行造成严重威胁的外国自然人和实体，美国总统应当定期提供报告清单。该报告还应当列出涉及窃取的外国实体中的外籍首席执行官或董事会成员。

 

【英文：The President shall periodically report a list of foreign individuals and entities that have knowingly engaged in, benefited from, or assisted in the significant theft of U.S. trade secrets that materially contributed to a significant threat to U.S. national security, foreign policy, or economic health. The report shall also list foreign individuals who are chief executive officers or board members of any foreign entity engaging in such theft.】

 

总统应当：（1）对报告中的自然人财产和签证施加限制措施；（2）对报告中的实体财产或出口施加限制措施，包括拒绝特定金融援助。

 

【英文：The President shall impose (1) property- and visa-blocking sanctions on individuals named in the report; and (2) property- or export-blocking sanctions, including denial of certain financial assistance, on entities named in the report.】

 

立法目的

 

为授权对涉及窃取美国人商业秘密的外国人实施制裁之目的、及其他目的，特制定本法案。

 

【英文：AN ACT To authorize the imposition of sanctions with respect to foreign persons that have engaged in significant theft of trade secrets of United States persons, and for other purposes.】

 

本法案由美国国会参议院和众议院制定。

 

【英文：Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,】

 

第一条 简称

 

【英文：SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.】

 

本法案亦援引为《2022年保护美国知识产权法案》。

 

【英文：This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Protecting American Intellectual Property Act of 2022’’.】

 

第二条 对涉及窃取美国人商业秘密之行为实施制裁。

 

【英文：IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO THEFT OF TRADE SECRETS OF UNITED STATES PERSONS.】

 

（a）报告要求—

 

（1）总括—总统应于本法案通过后180日起，且自提交报告后每年不低于一次，向国会委员会提交一份报告，报告包括—

 

【英文：(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and not less frequently than annually thereafter, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report—】

 

（A）列出本条第二款所述期限内总统确认涉及下列事宜的外国自然人—

 

【英文：(A) identifying any foreign person the President determines, during the period specified in paragraph (2)—】

 

（i）本法案通过之日起故意窃取美国人商业秘密、或从中获利，从而可能或已经严重威胁美国国家安全、外交政策、或经济健康或金融稳定的；

 

【英文：(i) has knowingly engaged in, or benefitted from, significant theft of trade secrets of United States persons, if the theft of such trade secrets occurred on or after such date of enactment and is reasonably likely to result in, or has materially contributed to, a significant threat to the national security, foreign policy, or economic health or financial stability of the United States;】

 

（ii）对窃取行为提供重大经济、物质、或技术支持；或提供产品、服务支持，或从窃取行为中获重大利益的；

 

【英文：(ii) has provided significant financial，material, or technological support for, or goods or services in support of or to benefit significantly from, such theft;】

 

上述(i) 或 (ii)款中所述外国自然人直接或间接拥有、控制的；或，代表、旨在代表该自然人的实体；

 

【英文：(iii) is an entity that is owned or controlled by, or that has acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, any foreign person identified under clause (i) or (ii); or】

 

上述(i) 或 (ii)款中所述外国实体的首席执行官或董事会成员；

 

【英文：(iv) is a chief executive officer or member of the board of directors of any foreign entity identified under clause (i) or (ii);】

 

 

（B）描述(A)(i)款中外国自然人涉及窃取或获益于窃取商业秘密行为的性质、目的和结果；以及

 

【英文：(B) describing the nature, objective, and outcome of the theft of trade secrets each foreign person described in subparagraph (A)(i) engaged in or benefitted from; and】

 

（C）评估(A)(iv)款中的首席执行官或董事会成员是否涉及（i）或（ii）款中描述的行为、或是否从该行为中获益。

 

【英文：(C) assessing whether any chief executive officer or member of the board of directors described in clause (iv) of subparagraph (A) engaged in, or benefitted from, activity described in clause (i) or (ii) of that subparagraph.】

 

（2）期间规定。对报告的期间规定如下——

 

【英文：(2) Period specified.--The period specified in this paragraph is--】

 

（A）第一次提交报告的期间应于本法案通过之日起计算至要求提交报告之日止；

 

【英文：(A) in the case of the first report required by paragraph (1), the period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act and ending on the date on which the report is required to be submitted; and】

 

（B）第一次报告之后的每一次报告期间，为提交报告当日起算的前一年内。

 

【英文：(B) in the case of each subsequent report required by paragraph (1), the one-year period preceding the date on which the report is required to be submitted.】

 

（3）报告形式。——提交的报告为非保密形式，但可以包括保密形式的附件。

 

【英文：(3) Form of report.--Each report required by paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form but may include a classified annex.】

 

（b）制裁权力——

 

（1）对实体的制裁。——对（A）款（a）（1）规定的最新提交的报告中确定的外国实体，总统应当实施下列制裁，且制裁不得低于5项：

 

【英文：(1) SANCTIONS APPLICABLE TO ENTITIES.—In the case of a foreign entity identified under subparagraph (A) of subsection (a)(1) in the most recent report submitted under that subsection, the President shall impose 5 or more of the following:】

 

（A） 财产限制。——总统可以根据《国际紧急经济权利法案》(50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.)的规定，对该实体位于美国境内、进入美国境内的；或处于美国人支配或控制下的、或进入美国人支配或控制下的财产或财产权益，实施限制并禁止所述财产和财产权益的一切交易。

 

【英文：(A) BLOCKING OF PROPERTY.—The President may, pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), block and prohibit all transactions in all property and interests in property of the entity if such property and interests in property are in the United States, come within the United States, or are or come within the possession or control of a United States person.】

 

（B）列入实体清单。——对于违反美国国家安全或外交政策的行为，总统可以将实施该行为的实体列入实体清单。实体清单由美国商务部工业安全局维护，该清单列于《出口管理条例》第744部分补编4中。

 

【英文：(B) INCLUSION ON ENTITY LIST.—The President may include the entity on the entity list maintained by the Bureau of Industry and Security of the Department of Commerce and set forth in Supplement No. 4 to part 744 of the Export Administration Regulations, for activities contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States.】

 

（C）进出口银行对受制裁人的出口协助。——总统可以指示美国的进出口银行拒绝向相关实体提供担保、保险、信用延期服务，或拒绝就出口至相关实体的货物或服务相关事宜提供信用延期。

 

【英文：(C) EXPORT-IMPORT BANK ASSISTANCE FOR EXPORTS TO SANCTIONED PERSONS.—The President may direct the Export-Import Bank of the United States not to give approval to the issuance of any guarantee, insurance, extension of credit, or participation in the extension of credit in connection with the export of any goods or services to the entity.】

 

（D）美国金融机构贷款。——总统可以禁止美国金融机构向相关实体提供12个月内累计高于1000万美元的贷款或信用。除非向该实体提供的贷款或信用是用于减轻人类苦难的相关活动。

 

【英文：(D) LOANS FROM UNITED STATES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.—The President may prohibit any United States financial institution from making loans or providing credits to the entity totaling more than $10,000,000 in any 12-month period unless the person is engaged in activities to relieve human suffering and the loans or credits are provided for such activities.】

 

（E）国际金融机构贷款。——总统可以指示国际金融机构中的美籍执行董事利用其代表美国声音和投票的权利，来反对该金融机构提供的可能有益于相关实体的贷款。

 

【英文：(E) LOANS FROM INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.—The President may direct the United States executive director to each international financial institution to use the voice and vote of the United States to oppose any loan from the international financial institution that would benefit the entity.】

 

（F）对金融机构的限制。——如相关实体为金融机构，将受到下列限制：

 

【英文：(F) PROHIBITIONS ON FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.—The following prohibitions may be imposed against the entity if the entity is a financial institution:】

 

（i）被认定为一级交易商的限制。——联邦储备委员会和纽约联邦储备银行均可认定或允许，先前在美国政府债务工具中作为一级交易商的金融机构其资格是否获准延期。

 

【英文：(i) PROHIBITION ON DESIGNATION AS PRIMARY DEALER.—Neither the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System nor the Federal Reserve Bank of New York may designate, or permit the continuation of any prior designation of, the financial institution as a primary dealer in United States Government debt instruments.】

 

（ii）被认定为政府基金储备库的限制。——相关金融机构不得作为美国政府代理或美国政府基金储备库。

 

【英文：(ii) PROHIBITION ON SERVICE AS A REPOSITORY OF GOVERNMENT FUNDS.—The financial institution may not serve as agent of the United States Government or serve as repository for United States Government funds.】

 

上述（i）和（ii）中的任一限制性制裁将视为本条款中的一项制裁，两项制裁一起将视为本条款中的两项制裁。

 

【英文：The imposition of either sanction under clause (i) or (ii) shall be treated as one sanction for purposes of this paragraph, and the imposition of both such sanctions shall be treated as 2 sanctions for purposes of this paragraph.】

 

（G）政府采购限制。——美国政府不得采购、或签署采购合同采购相关实体的商品或服务。

 

【英文：(G) PROCUREMENT SANCTION.—The United States Government may not procure, or enter into any contract for the procurement of, any goods or services from the entity.】

 

（H）外汇交易。——总统可以根据其制定的法令，禁止美国管辖范围内相关实体享有权益的外汇交易。

 

【英文：(H) FOREIGN EXCHANGE.—The President may, pursuant to such regulations as the President may prescribe, prohibit any transactions in foreign exchange that are subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and in which the entity has any interest.】

 

（I）银行交易。——总统可以根据其制定的法令，禁止美国管辖范围内与相关实体权益有关的金融机构间的、或通过金融机构、或向金融机构进行的信用转让或款项支付。

 

【英文：(I) BANKING TRANSACTIONS.—The President may, pursuant to such regulations as the President may prescribe, prohibit any transfers of credit or payments between financial institutions or by, through, or to any financial institution, to the extent that such transfers or payments are subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and involve any interest of the entity.】

 

（J）向受制裁对象投资股票或债务的禁令。——总统可以根据其制定的法令或指南，禁止美国人投资或购买相关实体的大额股票或债务工具。

 

【英文：(J) BAN ON INVESTMENT IN EQUITY OR DEBT OF SANCTIONED PERSON.—The President may, pursuant to such regulations or guidelines as the President may prescribe, prohibit any United States person from investing in or purchasing significant amounts of equity or debt instruments of the entity.】

 

（K）拒绝公司管理人员。——总统可以指示国务卿拒绝向总统确认的相关实体的管理人员、负责人或拥有该实体控制性权益的股东签发签证，或指示国土安全部部长拒绝所述人员入境。

 

【英文：(K) EXCLUSION OF CORPORATE OFFICERS.—The President may direct the Secretary of State to deny a visa to, and the Secretary of Homeland Security to exclude from the United States, any alien that the President determines is a corporate officer or principal of, or a shareholder with a controlling interest in, the entity.】

 

（L）对首席行政官员的制裁。——总统可以对相关实体的首席行政官员或管理人员、或拥有这两类人员相类似的职权并代行相类似职能的其他人员，施加本条款项下的任一项制裁。

 

【英文：(L) SANCTIONS ON PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICERS.—The President may impose on the principal executive officer or officers of the entity, or on individuals performing similar functions and with similar authorities as such officer or officers, any of the sanctions under this paragraph.】

 

（2）对个人的制裁。——对（A）款（a）（1）规定的最新提交的报告中确定的外国自然人，制裁措施如下：

 

【英文：(2) SANCTIONS APPLICABLE TO INDIVIDUALS.—In the case of an alien identified under subparagraph (A) of subsection (a)(1) in the most recent report submitted under that subsection, the following shall apply:】

 

（A）财产限制。——总统应当根据《国际紧急经济权利法案》(50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.)的规定，对该自然人位于美国境内、进入美国境内的；或处于美国人支配或控制下的、或进入美国人支配或控制下的财产或财产权益，实施限制并禁止所述财产和财产权益的一切交易。

 

【英文：(A) BLOCKING OF PROPERTY.—The President shall, pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), block and prohibit all transactions in all property and interests in property of the alien if such property and interests in property are in the United States, come within the United States, or are or come within the possession or control of a United States person.】

 

（B）签证、或入境拒绝。——

 

【英文：(B) INELIGIBILITY FOR VISAS, ADMISSION, OR PAROLE.—】

 

（i）签证、或入境。——（A）(a)(1)条款中所述自然人将——

 

【英文：(i) VISAS, ADMISSION, OR PAROLE.—An alien described in subparagraph (A) of subsection (a)(1) is—】

 

(I)被拒绝进入美国境内；

 

【英文：(I) inadmissible to the United States;】

 

(II)被拒绝签发美国签证或其他进入美国的文件；以及

 

【英文：(II) ineligible to receive a visa or other documentation to enter the United States; and】

 

（III）不得享有《移民和国籍法案》(8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.)规定的入境许可资格或其他权益。

 

【英文：(III) otherwise ineligible to be admitted or paroled into the United States or to receive any other benefit under the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.).】

 

（ii）撤销签证。——

 

【英文：(ii) CURRENT VISAS REVOKED.—】

 

（Ⅰ）总括。——（A）款（a）(1)项下规定的外国人将被撤销签证或其他入境文件，无论该签证或入境文件何时签发。

 

【英文：(I) IN GENERAL.—An alien described in subparagraph (A) of subsection (a)(1) is subject to revocation of any visa or other entry documentation regardless of when the visa or other entry documentation is or was issued.】

 

（Ⅱ）直接后果。——（Ⅰ）项下所述签证的撤销将——

 

【英文：(II) IMMEDIATE EFFECT.—A revocation under subclause (I) shall—】

 

（aa）产生移民和国籍法案221(i)条(8 U.S.C. 1201(i))规定的后果；以及

 

【英文：(aa) take effect pursuant to section 221(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1201(i)); and】

 

（bb）该外国人持有的其他有效签证或入境文件将被撤销。

 

【英文：(bb) cancel any other valid visa or entry documentation that is in the alien’s possession.】

 

（c）基于国家利益的豁免。——总统可以豁免对（b）项下的外国人的制裁，如果总统——

 

【英文：(c) National interest waiver.—The President may waive the imposition of sanctions under subsection (b) with respect to a person if the President—】

 

（1）确定豁免符合美国的国家利益；且

 

【英文：(1) determines that such a waiver is in the national interests of the United States; and】

 

（2）自豁免之日起15日内，向国会委员会提交豁免通知以及豁免的理由。

 

【英文：(2) not more than 15 days after issuing the waiver, submits to the appropriate congressional committees a notification of the waiver and the reasons for the waiver.】

 

（d）执行；处罚。——

 

【英文：(d) Implementation; penalties.—】

 

（1）执行。——总统有权行使《国际紧急经济权利法案》(50 U.S.C. 1702和1704)203和204条规定的所有权利，实施本条款项下的规定。

 

【英文：(1) IMPLEMENTATION.—The President may exercise all authorities provided under sections 203 and 205 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1702 and 1704) to carry out this section.】

 

（2）处罚。——任何人，如果违反、试图违反、密谋违反、或导致违反本条规定或其他法规、许可、或根据本条款发出的禁令的，将受到《国际紧急经济权利法案》(50 U.S.C. 1705)206条(b)和(c)中规定的处罚，该处罚与206条(a)中违法行为的处罚措施一致。

 

【英文：(2) PENALTIES.—A person that violates, attempts to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a violation of this section or any regulation, license, or order issued to carry out this section shall be subject to the penalties set forth in subsections (b) and (c) of section 206 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1705) to the same extent as a person that commits an unlawful act described in subsection (a) of that section.】

 

（e）例外。——

 

【英文：(e) Exceptions.—】

 

（1）情报活动。——对《1947年国家安全法案》V（ (50 U.S.C. 3091 et seq.) ）规定的报告要求涉及的相关活动、以及经授权的任何美国情报活动，本条中规定的制裁措施不适用。

 

【英文：(1) INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES.—This section shall not apply with respect to activities subject to the reporting requirements under title V of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3091 et seq.) or any authorized intelligence activities of the United States.】

 

（2）执法活动。——对经授权的美国执法活动，本条规定的制裁措施不适用。

 

【英文：(2) LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES.—Sanctions under this section shall not apply with respect to any authorized law enforcement activities of the United States.】

 

（3）遵守国际协议例外。——对获准入境美国的外国人，且入境是遵守联合国和美国于1947年6月26日在成功湖签署并于1947年11月21日生效的协议中有关联合国总部相关的美国义务所必须，以及遵守1963年4月24日于维也纳签署并于1967年3月19日生效的《维也纳领事关系公约》的规定所必须、或遵守其他国际义务所必须的，本条规定的制裁措施不适用 。

 

【英文：(3) EXCEPTION TO COMPLY WITH INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS.—Sanctions under this section shall not apply with respect to the admission of an alien to the United States if such admission is necessary to comply with the obligations of the United States under the Agreement regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, signed at Lake Success June 26, 1947, and entered into force November 21, 1947, between the United Nations and the United States, or the Convention on Consular Relations, done at Vienna April 24, 1963, and entered into force March 19, 1967, or other international obligations.】

 

（4）进口货物例外。——

 

【英文：(4) EXCEPTION RELATING TO IMPORTATION OF GOODS.—】

 

（A）总括。——本条中规定的对施加制裁的授权或要求，不包括对进口货物施加制裁。

 

【英文：(A) IN GENERAL.—The authority or a requirement to impose sanctions under this section shall not include the authority or a requirement to impose sanctions on the importation of goods.】

 

（B）货物定义。——本项下中“货物”指所有物品、自然的或人工的材料、物质、日用品、或生产产品，包括检验和测试设备，但不包括技术数据。

 

【英文：(B) GOOD DEFINED.—In this paragraph, the term “good” means any article, natural or manmade substance, material, supply, or manufactured product, including inspection and test equipment, and excluding technical data.】

 

（f）终止。——本条款将自本法案通过后的7年期限届满日终止。

 

【英文：(f) Sunset.—This section shall terminate on the date that is 7 years after the date of the enactment of this Act.】

 

（g）定义。——本条中：

 

【英文：(g) Definitions.—In this section:】

 

（1）入境；许可；外国人；合法承认的永久居民。——“入境”、’“许可”、“外国人”、“合法承认的永久居民”的定义参照《移民和国籍法案》第101条(8 U.S.C. 1101)。

 

【英文：(1) ADMISSION; ADMITTED; ALIEN; LAWFULLY ADMITTED FOR PERMANENT RESIDENCE.—The terms “admission”, “admitted”, “alien”, and “lawfully admitted for permanent residence” have the meanings given those terms in section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101).】

 

（2）相关国会委员会。——“相关国会委员会”指——

 

【英文：(2) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES.—The term “appropriate congressional committees” means—】

 

（A）参议院银行、住房、和城市事务委员会和外国关系委员会；和

 

【英文：(A) the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and】

 

（B）众议院金融服务委员会和外国事务委员会。

 

【英文：(B) the Committee on Financial Services and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.】

 

（3）实体。——“实体”指合伙企业、信托、合资公司、公司、集团、集团隶属组织、或其他组织。

 

【英文：(3) ENTITY.—The term “entity” means a partnership, association, trust, joint venture, corporation, group, subgroup, or other organization.】

 

（4）出口管理法规。——|“出口管理法规”的定义参照《2018年出口管理改革法案》第1742条（(50 U.S.C. 4801）。

 

【英文：(4) EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS.—The term “Export Administration Regulations” has the meaning given that term in section 1742 of the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 4801)】

 

（5）外国实体。——“外国实体”指非美国人实体。

 

【英文：(5) FOREIGN ENTITY.—The term “foreign entity” means an entity that is not a United States person.】

 

（6）外国自然人。——“外国自然人”指非美国自然人。

 

【英文：(6) FOREIGN PERSON.—The term “foreign person” means any person that is not a United States person.】

 

（7）明知。——“明知”指实际知晓或应当知晓其行为、状况或结果。

 

【英文：(7) KNOWINGLY.—The term “knowingly”, with respect to conduct, a circumstance, or a result, means that a person has actual knowledge, or should have known, of the conduct, the circumstance, or the result.】

 

（8）人。——“人”指个人或实体。

 

【英文：(8) PERSON.—The term “person” means an individual or entity.】

 

（9）商业秘密。——“商业秘密”的定义参照《美国法典》1839（18）条。

 

【英文：(9) TRADE SECRET.—The term “trade secret” has the meaning given that term in section 1839 of title 18, United States Code.】

 

（10）美国人。——“美国人”指——

 

【英文：((10) UNITED STATES PERSON.—The term “United States person” means—】

 

（A）美国居民或合法获得美国永久居民资格的外国人；

 

【英文：(A) a United States citizen or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence to the United States;】

 

（B）根据美国法律设立或受美国管辖的实体，包括该实体的外国分支机构；或

 

【英文：(B) an entity organized under the laws of the United States or of any jurisdiction within the United States, including a foreign branch of such an entity; or】

 

（C）位于美国境内的任何人。

 

【英文：(C) any person in the United States.】

 

2022年12月20日参议院通过。

 

【英文： Passed the Senate December 20, 2022.】